Day: July 16, 2023

A deep-sea mining test that lasted only two hours might have decreased fish and shrimp populations in the surrounding vicinity significantly even after a year, research in Japan showed.

Deep-sea mining is the extraction of valuable minerals from the ocean below 200 meters (650 feet), potentially impacting fragile ecosystems. 

Lately, it has become a contentious issue, as several countries and companies have joined the global race to mine resources including cobalt, copper, and manganese amid increasing demand for renewable energy and consumer electronics.

The research was based on an investigation into the environmental impact of Japan’s first successful test in 2020 to extract cobalt crusts from the top of Takuyo-Daigo deep-sea mountains, in the northwest Pacific Ocean, to mine cobalt, a vital mineral in electric vehicle batteries.

The data, examined by the researchers one month before and after, as well as a year following the experiment conducted at the site, showed that the mined areas became less habitable for ocean animals and created a plume of sediment that spread through the surrounding water, according to the study published Friday in the Current Biology journal.

One year after the mining test, researchers observed a 43% drop in fish and shrimp density in the areas directly impacted by sediment pollution, a statement accompanying the study said.

They also noted a 56% drop in the fish and shrimp density of surrounding areas, adding the research team thinks it could be due to the mining test contaminating fish food sources.

“’Enough to shift things’

Even a brief two-hour test could have long-lasting consequences on the marine life in a particular area, the research said, adding further study is needed.

“I had assumed we wouldn’t see any changes because the mining test was so small,” said the study’s first author Travis Washburn, a marine ecologist who works closely with the Geological Survey of Japan. 

“They drove the machine for two hours, and the sediment plume only traveled a few hundred meters. But it was actually enough to shift things.”

The study concluded that “although highly mobile swimmers likely simply leave the area, resulting in little loss of biodiversity, this may not be possible if multiple mining operations occur at similar times resulting in a very large, cumulative deep-sea mining areal footprint.” 

Experts say seabed ecosystems are not yet fully explored, so the impact of deep-sea mining on marine ecosystems is unknown.

Friday’s research authors said they would need to repeat the study several times to understand better how deep-sea mining impacts the ocean floor. 

They said that multiple years of data should be collected before a mining test occurs to account for any natural variation in ocean animal communities.

“These data are really important to get out,” Washburn said in the statement. “A set of regulations is supposed to be finalized soon, so a lot of these decisions are happening now.”

“We’ll have to look at this issue on a wider scale, because these results suggest the impact of deep-sea mining could be even bigger than we think.”

Lasting impact

James J. Bell, a professor at the Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand who was not involved in the study, said the “results demonstrate just how susceptible the marine communities associated with seamounts might be to the impacts of mining and that these impacts could be long-lasting.”

“Importantly, this study also shows that even very small-scale mining activity can have lasting impacts. Until we have a full understanding of what the impact of mining is on these ecosystems, we should take a very cautious approach,” Bell said, especially given that seabed mining is being considered by many states worldwide.

Commercial deep-sea mining has not yet begun, though exploratory licenses have already been granted by the United-Nations-backed regulator International Seabed Authority, or the ISA, which has authority over seafloor resources outside a given country’s jurisdiction.

It has yet to finalize a set of deep-sea mining regulations. The ISA started global discussions in Jamaica on Monday to possibly adopt mining regulations, with talks expected to continue until the end of July.

Many countries, the seafood industry, marine conservancy groups, and scientists have called for a “pause” to proceed in developing regulations and complete them before granting any licenses to mine seabed thousands of feet under the ocean’s surface. 

Kat Bolstad, an associate professor at the Auckland University of Technology, said deep-sea mining could be “catastrophically destructive to the immediate seafloor, and producing noise, vibrations, clouds of sediment, and other impacts that we cannot yet fully predict.”

“The effects of large-scale deep-sea mining are likely to be substantial, longer lasting, and more complex than we can anticipate,” she said.

“There is widespread scientific agreement: We need a far greater understanding of deep-sea ecosystems before we can make responsible decisions.”

Edited by Malcolm Foster.

Police violence against African-Americans. Poverty in the United Kingdom. Widespread pollution. An oligarchy controls the U.S. government.

In recent weeks, China’s state media has been pumping out a slew of negative news reports about the United States and Europe in recent weeks – even as many middle-class and wealthy Chinese flee the country.

A June 24 video feature on U.S. politics by state news agency Xinhua in English warned: “The rich have power, while the poor have weak rights.”

“Under the veneer of American democracy, it’s actually the rich who rule the country,” the report said. “Behind the mask of one person one vote is actually one dollar, one vote.”

It said Abraham Lincoln’s promise of government “of the people, by the people and for the people” had fallen into the hands of an oligarchy. “U.S. elections have become a fig leaf for capitalists to exercise power,” the report said.

Across the Atlantic, one in seven British people went hungry in 2022 due to lack of money to buy food, state news agency Xinhua reported on June 29, citing a report from the Trussell Foundation.

“Government figures estimate that British households are in the midst of the two-year decline in living standards that has been the biggest since comparable records began in the 1950s,” the report said. It was widely picked up by mainland Chinese news sites and bloggers, with photos of restrictions on the sale of bell peppers at a Manchester supermarket.

‘It’s not Mars’

While China’s state media — which is registered under legislation governing the agents and representatives of foreign governments in the United States — has long been subject to stringent political controls on what it can publish at home, Xinhua and other overseas organizations have much freer rein when reporting from foreign countries.

And there is a stark variation in the type of language state media use when reporting on bad news — depending where it’s happening.

A keyword search for “wildfires” on the Global Times website in English on July 12 turned up around a dozen stories using negative language like “worst ever,” “losing face” and “rampant wildfires” to describe the fires and air pollution in the United States, Canada and further afield, while around five use more neutral language about global climate change.

“It’s not Mars, it’s the U.S.!” begins one article, with a picture of New York city enveloped in orange haze.

The language contrasts with last year’s coverage of wildfires outside Chongqing, which use language like ‘vanquished’ and ‘heroes’ and ‘all flames put out’ to portray the heroic struggle of the firefighters. The same search on the China Daily website yields similar results.

Yet coverage of Canadian wildfires from 2009 offers a much more balanced picture, with two using heroic language about firefighting efforts and two focusing on evacuations and damage.  

‘Run’

While is is unclear whether the apparent flurry of bad news out of the West is deliberate, the grim and sometimes downright snarky coverage comes amid news of the “run” movement, a steady flow of Chinese people leaving the country who are worried about their economic future, tired of the restrictions in daily life and disenchanted with their leaders and political system. 

Some desperate Chinese are trekking through the jungles of Latin America to get to Mexico, where they cross into the United States and apply for political asylum.

Meanwhile, a June 17 report from state broadcaster CCTV focused on police violence against Black people in the United States.

“Three years after the death of George Floyd, violent law enforcement in the US police system is still widespread,” the headline reads, referring to a recent Department of Justice investigation into racism in the police force.

“Violent law enforcement exists widely in the American police system,” the report said. “The reality is that a large number of social problems in the United States have become bargaining chips for politicians from both parties to compete for political interests.”

A day earlier, the China Daily reported on a court ruling that two police officers in Oklahoma, who are facing manslaughter charges for the 2021 killing of Quadry Sanders, an African-American, were unjustifiably terminated and must be reinstated.

“The deceased’s mother filed a lawsuit, but the local police and the government denied any wrongdoing by the officers,” the report said.

In a recent commentary, the Global Times accused U.S. media of using “this ‘losing-face’ moment to smear China for its pollution in the past, which prompted Chinese netizens to fight back with pictures of clear-sky Chinese metropolises, advising the U.S. to learn from China’s great achievements in improving air quality in the past years.”

The overseas Chinese news service Qiaobao took up the police violence and racism theme with its reporting of the French riots over the killing of Nahel Merzouk, a teenager of North African descent.

“The riots in many places caused by the French police shooting and killing teenagers are still continuing, and have attracted a lot of attention,” the paper wrote, drawing a parallel with the killing of George Floyd.

Translated by Luisetta Mudie. Edited by Malcolm Foster.